What Do Ethics Have To Do With Research?

What Do Ethics Have To Do With Research? Ethical behavior is defined as a set if moral principles, rules or standards governing a person or profession. Most importantly, principles of ethical conduct includes that the researcher should do no harm, that privacy of and anonymity of participants must be protected, that confidentiality of information must be maintained, that informed consent of participants needs to be obtained including assurance that participation is voluntary, with the chance to withdraw from the proposed research, that inappropriate behavior must be avoided, and that, data must be interpreted honestly without distortion. Lastly, the extent to which participants are to share in data ownership and any benefits from the research must be considered. Although the principles seem straightforward, a series of example were provided that exemplified the difficulty in adhering to the principles, often because situations may have a complex array of conflicting interests. The report presents and identifies range of ethical issues on possible divergence that researchers have to deal with when undertaking or participating in research. Following on, ethical considerations in quantitative and qualitative research the investigator must scrutinize; among others are relevant examples of cases that revolve around unethical issues and the penalty of violation. The role of IRB was discussed, which precedes discussion on how ethical issues in research can be solved the conclusions and final remarks. Chapter 1 Introduction What do ethics have to do with research? Ethical code or moralities are expression of how we should behave as individuals and as a society. They are moral judgments that can be applied to particular situations to help us make decisions and guide our behaviors. Without doubt, they are linked to cultural values at a precise time in our history and are subject to change as attitudes and values evolve. What is well thought out to be insensitive today can be normative, just a half century ago. In doing research there may be a conflict between the speedy conduct of a study and the trouble of doing what is deferential to humans or even animals. While, researchers are focused on knowledge expansion and on the methodology of their projects like personnel and equipment, statistical analysis, selection of subject, research protocols and sample size. At the same time, as essentially accountable persons, they try as much as possible to respect the research environment, which requires attention to the suitable exercise not only of physical resources including funds, but also to animal and human subject matter. Merely whilst the research is of adequate quality to potentially contribute to knowledge can we justify involving participants and making use of other resources? Ethical considerations may help to decide whether the research should be done, and if so, how it should be pursued. Thus, it is vital to be capable, transparent, sincere, and adhere to ethical guidelines in regard to research subjects. Definition of Terms: Research Pearson: (1995-2010 prentice Hall) Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the phenomenon under study. It is the function of the researcher to contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon and to communicate that understanding to others. Ethics: Consider the problem of definition of ethical. Ethics, as a term, is commonly used to refer both to morals beliefs beliefs about what are right and wrong to do and ethical theory (justifications for moral beliefs) (Beauchamp and Bowie, 1997). Obviously, ethical issues can be raised throughout all phases of research, notably problem definition, stating research objectives/ hypotheses, literature review, choice of research design, questionnaire design, data collection procedures, data editing and cleaning, choice of statistical methods, data analysis, conclusions and recommendations, and even referencing. Writers vary widely on ethical issues in research. Often, they oppose on what is and is not morally satisfactory in social research. Debates about research ethics highlights certain tremendous cases of supposed ethical wrongdoing, although in fact the latent for unethical research is much larger. Some cases of unethical research are often associated with particular research methods, s uch as disguised observation and deception in experiments. In as much as ethics apply at every stage of the research, it is very imperative as a researcher to uphold ethics in research as this is what the industry mostly needs: Trust- Decision makers trust researchers to make provision for precise information Confidentiality and professionalism Goodwill- This is applicable to the respondent for their willingness to volunteer their personal information on their awareness, manner and deeds. This paper discusses the significance of ethics in research, considerations the researchers must scrutinize and the penalty of violation. Research must be carried out in a safe and ethical approach. The paper will look into range of ethical issues (procedural ethics, practices and cases of ethical violation) in the next session. Chapter 2 Ethical issues in research Ethics is an essential part of any research project. One may assume ethics is just another stage of research, one that is tackled with filing out a standardized set of forms submitted to an ethics committee. (e.g. IRB) may not lend itself to effectively assessing ethical issues. Ethics has become a cornerstone for conducting effective and meaningful research. As such, the ethical behavior of individual researchers is under unprecedented scrutiny (Best Kahn, 2006; Field Behrman, 2004; Trimble Fisher, 2006). In todays society, any concerns regarding ethical practices will negatively influence attitudes about science, and the abuses committed by a few are often the ones that receive widespread publicity (Mauthner, Birch, Jessop, Miller, 2003). Clearly, researchers have liabilities to their line of work, patrons, and respondent and are obliged to high ethical standards to make certain that both the purpose and the information are not brought into ill repute. As a branch of philosophy it deals with the dynamic of decision making concerning what is right and wrong. Scientific research works, as all human activities, is overseen by individual, community and social values. Research ethics engage requirements on daily work, the protection of dignity of subjects and information in the research that is being made known. In recent years ethical thoughtfulness have come to forefront, however, as a Doctoral candidate embarking on a research project, participating in research, we must cope with value systems that are very fundamental in the course of the study. The societal value, which is about the human rights, and the values about the scientific query. (Clarke, 1991) points out that the values may clash with value subjects, communities, and societies and create tensions and dilemmas. Ethics as a discipline deals with the broader value system of our society that encompasses the consensual agreement on what is right and wrong. This set of values is much broader than that which is legislatively defined as legal and illegal. These principles are the essential underpinning that helps to maintain civil and tranquil acceptance and agreement within society. The scientific community needs to address and resolve ethical problems not only because of their natural un-acceptableness to scientific research, but also to avoid the corrosive effect these problems eventually will have, if not resolved, on our society mores. We need to be deeply involved in the ethical dialogue to at least maintain, and if possible, raise the barrier of unethical behavior in science. A climate of silence with regard to these problems will undoubtedly result in lowering ethical barriers, to the determinant of our society. In this paper, the most significant ethical issues will be addressed. This stu dy will also attempt to highlight the possible divergence that researchers have to deal with when undertaking or participating in research. Ethical issues that affect research conduct Whether a researcher is a psychologist, education or anthropologist, the primary responsibilities is to help protect participants and aim should be clear: to consent ought to be obtain, protecting the participants from harm, and privacy should be ensured. Though, there is one area of responsibilities that is often less clear for both the researcher and the participant, which is intentional deception. These areas are covered in more detail below. Informed Consent: This involves the procedure by which an individual may opt whether or not to be involved in the proposed study by the investigator. The task of the researcher is to make certain that participants have a complete of the purpose and methods to be used in the study, the risk involved, and the demands placed upon them as a participants (Best Khan,2006; Jones Kottler, 2006).) The participant must also understand that he or she has the right to withdraw from the study at any time. The two forms of consent are direct and substitute. Direct consent is the most preferred because agreement is obtained directly from the person to be involved in the study. Substitute consent, or third-party consent, is given by someone other than the person to be involved in the study. Substitute consent may be obtained when it is determined that the person does not have the capacity to make the decision or is dependent on others for his or her welfare, such as children under the age of 18 or people with cognitive or emotional disabilities (Nagy, 2005a; Roberts, Geppert, Coverdale, Louie, Edenharder, 2005). Both direct and substitute consent must meet the requirements for informed consent. Harm: Psychologists must take reasonable steps to avoid harming their clients/ patients, students, supervisees, research participants, organizational clients, and others with whom they work, and to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable. (American Psychological Association, 2002, p. 6) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm. (American Psychological Association, 2002, p. 12) The most basic concern in all research is that no individual is harmed by serving as a participant, as suggested above by the APA and AERA codes of ethics. In the context of research ethics, harm may be broadly defined to include extreme physical pain or death, but also involves such factors as psychological stress, personal embarrassment or humiliation, or myriad influences that may adversely affect the participants in a significant way. Certain types of investigations present potential harm to participants . Research that involves physically dangerous treatment may present real possibilities for harm if the treatment is inflicted on the participants. Unfortunately, there are examples of investigations in which ethical principles were violated in an extreme fashion (see Young, 2005). Other areas of research are specifically intended to examine the effects of psychological or emotional stress. Such research represents tremendously difficult circumstances, especially when the procedures involve actual infliction of stress. There is always the possibility that a subject may become seriously ill (e.g., have a stroke or heart attack) as a result of the stress. In addition, the possibility exists that the stress itself may be harmful to participants from a psychological standpoint. People who are institutionalized or incarcerated, such as prisoners, person with severe disabilities, or people with serious mental illness, may agree to participate in a study either because they should to be abl e to show evidence of good behavior or to gain approval of supervisors. Unfortunately, some troubling examples of ethical violations have occurred with the studies involving these individuals (Field Behrman, 2004; Moser et al., 2004). Highly vulnerable populations should not be taken advantage of in the name of science. Researchers investigating topics involving these individuals must exercise extreme care. Very young children, the elderly, or people with disabilities may be easily convinced that most activities are important, are of little harm, and should be engaged in for the benefit of society (Drew Hardman, 2007; Quadagno, 2005). Privacy: Researchers should know that this is the point at which the objective of study and the right to privacy may come into conflict. Frequently, research of this nature is aimed at obtaining information concerning attitudes, beliefs, opinion and behavior. Thus, pursuing the goals of science, while guarding against unnecessary invasion of participants privacy, present complex issues. As with other ethical thoughtfulness, privacy has become more and more valued right. Seeking privacy is an act of isolation or confidentiality removed from public view or knowledge. According to Hill (2005) identifies three imperative elements to confidentiality in research with participants. These are Public confidentiality- not identifying research participants in study reports, presentations and so forth: Social network confidentiality- not passing on information to family members, friends or other known to the participants, and lastly, third party breach of privacy- where a group or household members reveals something personal about another. (Hill, 2005, p. 75). Privacy considerations in research include both the need to have a safe, private physical location in which the research is conducted, and making sure that participants privacy through anonymity and confidentiality. For example, both these privacy aspects are high lightened in a UK study with lesbian and gay participations that were vulnerable, due to stigmatized identities (Valentine et al., 2001). However, this study, it is vital to have a safe research space in which participants could speak in pr ivate and liberally, and to protect their anonymity and confidentiality so that they were not identifiable. Deception: This occurs when the researcher provides misleading or withholding information from participants about the project. Deception is permissible when the benefits outweigh the costs. This happens when the investigators present their research as something other than what it is. Dishonesty should be minimized and when necessary, the degree and effects must be mitigated as much as possible. However to highlight more on this issue, deception refers to either an omission or a commission on the part of the researcher in terms of interactions with participants. An omission deception could mean that investigator does not fully inform participants about important aspect of the study. Other information or part of it is usually withheld. Commission is a situation in which the researcher lets out false information about the investigation, either to some extent or entirely. More so, the participants may not be aware of the ongoing study, but only to be informed about a section of it. Secondly, they are aware of their involvement in the study, which is out of the ordinary, giving them misleading information regarding the proposed study or activity. Apparently, in this situation the researcher is misrepresenting the study. Regardless of the precise nature of deception, it has become a very prominent issue for investigators concerned with the ethics of conducting research.As we move through the first decade of the 21st century, deception is receiving widespread attention in educational and social science research with increasing concerns regarding its use on the Internet (Keller Lee, 2003; Lichtenberg, Heresco-Levy, Nitzan, 2004; Mishara Weisstub, 2005; Nagy, 2005c; Pittenger, 2003). The next chapter will discuss ethic al considerations in the context of quantitative and qualitative research, how the rationale is to inform researchers as to the ethical issues that possibly will be specific to a given research approach. Ethical considerations in Quantitative and Qualitative research Conceptually, the ethical considerations for both quantitative and qualitative research are the same safety and protection of human rights These are mainly achieved by using the process of informed consent The utilization of informed consent is problematic in quantitative research, but practically impossible in qualitative methodologies in which the direction that the research takes is largely unknown (Ramos 1989) Munhall (1988) argues that informed consent can be achieved in qualitative research by re-negotiation when in expected events occur, but one can argue in turn that this places greater responsibility on the researchers, as well as requiring them to possess a high level of skill, especially in negotiation. Ethics and quantitative research This involves studies of which data that are analyzed are in form of numbers. In this kind of approach, behaviors are counted, accurate answers or miscalculations are counted, and other kinds of measures are documented in terms of quantity. This type of research involves experimental and non experimental research. Ethical issues in experimental research focus on individual protection that receives an intervention. For example, an intervention may involve training participants in group communication where a great deal of self disclosure is required. This is a technique where people are instigated to talk about their feelings, attitudes, and experiences, of which this may be quite personal. In addition to the problems related to participants who receive an experimental treatment, there are also difficult ethical issues involving those who are in a placebo or control group. Such would be the case where one group of students in a high school receives a newly developed science program (ex perimental treatment) that appears to be very effective, and a second group receives the science program that was used for many years with limited effectiveness (control group). One ethical perspective is that the researcher has the responsibility to provide the new treatment to all participants. However, some researchers may have a very different view. This opposing perspective is often called the natural state argument. This argument contends that the untreated participants are not being denied a benefit they already have; they are merely being left in their natural state. In the example above, the high school students in the control group continued to receive the science program that had been used in the school for many years. Clearly, neither of the above positions is acceptable for all research (Field Behrman, 2004; Gross, 2005; Roberts et al., 2005). Ethical issues also exist in conducting no experimental research where an investigator does not impose or manipulate conditions. Although ethics in no experimental designs (e.g., survey research) are often less complex or harmful than experimental studies, it is important for investigators to be aware of basic principles for protecting the participants, including full disclosure and consent. For example, in survey research, each respondent should be fully informed as to the purpose of the study, participant demographics (e.g., teachers, college students, and the general public), confidentiality of responses, how the results are intended to be used, and who will have access to the data. Bacon and Olsen (2005) also indicate that survey researchers have the ethical responsibility of not wasting a respondents time and to only collect data that has utility (real use). Schenk and Williamson (2005), in discussing the ethical responsibilities involved in conducting no experimental research on children, suggest if the information gathering activity will not directly benefit the children involved or their community, do not proceed (p. 17). Ethics and qualitative research This kind of approach involves recorded data in narrative descriptions, not numbers. A researcher makes use of qualitative methods to observe and describe conditions rather than control them. An essential ethical principle for qualitative researchers is this: Do not interfere with the natural setting under the study. More to the point is the fact that participant and non participant observations are vital components of qualitative research and are used extensively in the fields of education, sociology and anthropology. However, each presents unique ethical issues in regards to consent, privacy and deception (Brinkmann Kvale, 2005; Haverkamp, 2005). Informed consent is necessary but can be problematic when relying on observations in a qualitative research study. Although potential harm from treatment is not generally a threat, there are other ethical concerns. Clearly, there is a substantial threat to privacy. A revelation of observed conversations and behaviors could cause harm to p articipants in their families, communities, or place of employment. In addition, the actual research participants, who have given consent, may not be the only people observed. In natural settings, people move in and out of interactions and settings for many reasons (Creswell, 2005; Denzin Lincoln, 2005). To conclude, from the discussion quantitative and qualitative methods are dissimilar; one approach is not superior to the other, both have recognized strengths and weaknesses and are used preferably in combination. Recognizing the tension between researchers about quantitative and qualitative research, and attempting to comprehend it, may serve to create relevant and distinctive modes of enquiries. Cases that revolves around unethical issues As more and more organizations, industries realize the importance of ethics in research; they take initiatives to apply them at every stage of their investigation. Some examples of cases are been looked into below: Case 1: Two infamous studies of obedience to authority The ethical principle of beneficence refers to the Hippocratic be of benefit, do not harm. Beauchamp and Childress, puts forward that the principle of beneficence includes the professional mandate to do effective and significant research so as to better serve and promote the welfare of our constituents. According to the studies Milgrams (1963) electric shock experiments and Haney, Banks, and Zimbardos (1973) prison studies were perceived as villainous, and to further investigate the issues, the experiment conduction was not in accordance with the principles as expected, and more to the point is the fact that, provision for precise intention was not known by the participants. The complex ethical issues raised in this studies relates to the potential harm that was incurred by partakers. Ford and Reutter, (1990) points out that beneficence relates to the benefit of the study, while non malificence relates to the potential risk of participation. Non malificence requires a high level of s ensitivity from the researcher about what constitutes harm. While Burns and Grove (2001) discomfort and harm can be physiological, emotional, social and economic in nature. As a researcher you do not want to do anything that would cause physical or emotional harm to your subjects this could be something as uncomplicated as being cautious how responsive or tricky questions are worded during the experimentation. As stated in the studies, there was no consideration of all possible consequences of test and or balance of the risk with proportionate benefit. Conversely, to justify these benefits there is need for a precise safeguard and guidelines to protect the interest of the subject involved in the experiment conduction. Case 2: A covert study of unofficial rewards Researchers involved in research have to consider many ethical problems relating to the issues of informed consent. In addition, they must ascertain that the participants have comprehended fully their right to withdraw at any time. According to the study, Daltons (1959), one of the key ethical issues is the concerns of lack of informed consent, as participants were in no position to be able to judge whether or not to become involved in the research, as they were only vaguely aware of the nature of researchers interest. Consent, can however, be a major ethical issue for researchers, they need to provide full explanation at the end of their data collection, even if they cant disclose to the participants, the true research objectives. Although the strategy of the researcher was to help protect their anonymity. Apparently, the respondent had volunteer to give out there personal information since they trusted the researcher in other words he should protect their dignity and privacy as wel l. Researchers are expected to obtain informed consent from all those who are directly involved in research or in the vicinity of research. This principle adheres to a larger issue of respect to the participants so that they are not coerced into participation and have access to relevant information prior to the consent. Case 3: Studying health-seeking behavior When embarking on a research, one should be sure that they are not taking advantage of easy to access of individuals. Sound ethical suggests that it is the duty of researchers to preserve, protect privacy, dignity, well being and freedom of the participants. Meaning to say potential participants are entitled to know the purpose of and nature of the proposed research so as to choose whether or not to be involved. According to the case, a team of social scientist are concerned about the improvement of womens health, of which they wants to learn why women do not return to hospital for the results of Papanicolaou (Pap) tests. The aim of the research is to find out how to improve services to these women. As pointed out in the case, social scientists were granted permission to conduct their investigation, and were also provided with records of patience in the hospital with names and addresses so as to enable them visit the patients in their homes. The ethical issues been violated, is the c oncerns of lack of informed voluntary consent, invasion of privacy and confidentiality. This principle adheres to a larger issue of respect to the respondents assuring that confidentiality of information shared and anonymity wont be revealed. The subjects were to be informed of the proposed research involving them; thereby they can express their views and opinion, knowing that the information is going to be utilized in a confidential manner. It is not justifiable to grant permission to the investigator to use the records of the potential patients without their consent as a matter of fact I will say confidentiality was breached in this situation, of which it wasnt inappropriate that the they paid the patients visit at their residence without their permission.(Adapted from material developed by the UNDP/ UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Bangkok Thailand, 2004.) Case 4: Invasion of privacy in visual research Whether a researcher is a psychologist, educator, or anthropologist, the primary responsibilities to participants are clear: obtain consent, protect from harm, and ensure privacy. However, there is one area of responsibility that is often less clear for both the researcher and the participants: intentional deception. They may have a combination of these and other characteristics that render them unable to exercise free will and make decisions. For such individuals, the question then becomes one of who can give consent on their behalf and what should be considered in the process. There is a need to constantly be vigilant in these situations. Gall 1996, states that all researchers have good intentions, but if they are not careful, their studies can place individuals in situation that involves risk. The issue in the case revolves around anonymity and confidentially of which this is potentially more problematic due to the recognizability of what is involved in the proposed research. Part icipant feel positively about been involved in any test or experiment, it is because of the fact that it will serve as a useful purpose. Some actually enjoy been the subject and are quick at giving their opinion, while others strongly resent or even mistrust aim of the research. This is as a result of the fact that most participant fear if sophisticated techniques to probe their deepest feeling and utilizing this knowledge might be used against them. In as much as legal issue is more complex, specifically the one pertaining to copyright ownership, researchers are supposed to take measures to protect dignity and privacy for their employment not to be in jeopardy. Researcher should carefully weigh the gains achieved against the cost in human dignity. There should be a provision of full and accurate explanation to participants at the conclusion of study, including counseling, if appropriate. An example is when a researcher pretends to be who they are not in order to carry out their intention. On the other hand, this method can result into a severe invasion of privacy and the researchers obtain information they would prob ably never have known. Case 5: An example of an ethical fieldwork dilemma Robbins and Trabichet (2009) defined a dilemma as a situation where one has to choose between two options but does not know which side to take because both seem legitimate (p.52). Complexity and uncertainty are other distinguishing characteristics of an ethical dilemma, Ethical dilemmas are dilemmas because the right course of action is not always clearly visible (Liddell, Cooper, Healy, Stewart., 2010, p14). Kitchener (1984) described an ethical dilemma as a situation where there are good, but contradictory ethical reasons to take conflicting and incompatible courses of actions (p. 43). In the case of Holliday (1995: 17-18) the issues of ethical dilemma faced was that the participant was technically coerced in committing industrial espionage. This involves such unethical and or illegal behavior so as to help disclose operational secrets or even production formulas. This is not intentional but due to the crisis pressuring the company owner, he was looking for a means of helping his business succeed. Each companys culture is different, but some stress profits and results above all else. In the ongoing situation within the company setting, the company owner has turned a blind eye to ethical breaches since the participant has no choice other than to execute the proposed intent offered, giving the firms mentality of the end justifies the means. Conclusively for the cases, ethical issues, conflicting values and ambiguity in making of decision, are persistently emerging from literature review on research. Due to lack of simplicity in ethical standards researchers must endeavor to develop an awareness of this issues and an effectual framework to deal with these problem involving human rights. This is very obligatory in order to come into terms with the issues of the researchers value relative to the rights of individual versus the interest society. As long as there are professional codes, laws, regulations, and ethics committees can make provisions for guidance but the final determinant of how research is conducted, rest with the researchers value system and moral code. Chapter 3 Discussion on how ethical issues in research can be solved As researchers or students, you are bounded by the code of conducts and ethical standards imposed by college or university. In as much as there is an establishment with Institutional Review boards (IRBs), their job is to make certain that, research involving human subjects must be reviewed, approved and monitored. This is a design made for critical oversight. As pointed out by Bi

Bukowski Self-Exploration in Bluebird

Many times, the changes and transformations in the main character are shown as being caused partly by the world around him, sometimes making the main character even a victim of society. 1 Something causes the character to become morally prepared or emotionally wrecked and cut off, usually due to something that has happened in his life. These protagonists watch the world around them and feel disconnected from it, and act out with â€Å"taboo† themes, like violence or incest or taking drugs or anything that sort of pushes the line because the world they live in has disturbed their minds in some way. 3 Finding life empty and without value, the main character does things to numb the pain, like drinking too hard, or having a lot of meaningless and casual sex, or anything else that both cuts off his emotions and also test him feel pleasure and distraction for a minute. This is called escapism, as in indulging in meaningless distractions to forget about the root problems in someone's life. But the main character often actually has a conscience, or at least a deeper sense of self, and that part of him is in conflict with the way he is behaving outwardly, so this is where the pain and despair comes from and which we see in transgressing fiction, whether it is in novels or in poems. 3 The themes of transgressing fiction are all over Bouzouki's work. 1 His writings mostly cover the second half of the twentieth entry, and he drew on Los Angles as a source of inspiration. Since he spent most of his life in Los Angles, he identified with the city darkness and grittiness. 6 A lot of the transgressing fiction qualities in Bouzouki's poems are in his escapism from reality. He writes about drinking and women and gambling, and he lived his life chasing women, drinking and gambling. 5 Through this behavior, the characters escaped from their problems. And through writing about it in poetry, Bouzoukis expressed his temptation to escape from his problems by briefly having thos e indulgences. 5 Bouzoukis grew up during the Great Depression.California was expensive, and his father was unemployed. So there was a lot of frustration and insecurity at home, and his father was physically, verbally and emotionally abusive to Bouzouki's mother. 2 His father was also emotionally and physically abusive towards Bouzoukis, something that his mother did not stop. 2 This made Bouzoukis an introverted, insecure, and socially anxious teenager. 2 He had no confidence because he was being traumatized at home and felt that he wasn't good enough compared to everyone else at school. During this painful period of his youth, Bouzoukis started is lifelong habit of excessive drinking. His drinking only got worse as life went on. 2 He started his writing career after World War II began and never made enough money off of his writing, so he had to do Jobs on the side all the time. Hard Jobs, like working in a factory. 5 He could not make a lot of money off of his poems because not en ough people were buying his poetry. 5 He was failing to break in and make it big and found it hard to believe in himself and in the world.He became very cynical and depressed about what the publishers were looking for (they only wanted to cater to a market†) and did not believe that anyone had a fair chance. As if things weren't bad enough, considering that he had no money, no close relationship with his family, and on top of that no success in getting his writing published, during this time Bouzoukis also almost died from a stomach ulcer. 5 He was desperate for companionship and someone to show him the love he never had growing up, and so married another poet without thinking it through first, and divorced her two years later. For a long time after that he was not able to seriously form an honest and healthy relationship, o he was always lonely and always having affairs with women to briefly fulfill his needs. 5 He continued this behavior even after he began to enjoy some suc cess in the sass's. 5 He only married again a decade later, and he eventually died of cancer. 5 All in all, Bouzoukis led a pretty troubled, difficult and sometimes lonely life, and had a lot of issues going on with him that he expressed in his poetry. 4 Poetry was an outlet for his creative talent as well as his pain. Through poetry, he expressed his disillusionment with the world, his sense of loneliness and not being able to conform r be understood, and his need to escape from the feelings inside him, in a realistic way. 4 By realistic I mean he wants to show the truth without sugarcoating anything. In his poems, he shows his true self struggling to become free of the cage that his fake self traps it in. A good example how Bouzoukis expresses his inner self through realist, transgressing poetry is one of his last poems, published only about two years before he died: â€Å"Bluebird. . 1 â€Å"Bluebird† is a great poem because it is very sobering and a little depressing, bu t captures the main struggle that Bouzoukis seems to have aced for most of his life: confronting his inner self, being brave enough to accept himself for who he is instead of escaping from it with alcohol, women, gambling, and other distractions. The bluebird is his inner, true self that is trying to set itself free. He describes it as: â€Å"there's a bluebird in my heart that / wants to get out. 1 But the narrator (who is really the poet describing himself) says he is going to keep the bluebird hidden, and he'll hide it by distracting himself from it with alcohol and everything else. This is proven in the lines: â€Å"there's a bluebird in my heart that ants to get out but I purr whiskey on him and inhale cigarette smoke and the whore's and the bartenders and the grocery clerks never know that he's in there. † 1 He is burying the inner voice, the secret alternative personality or true personality within him, with alcohol, cigarettes, and women.He is afraid to let his true self show, because he's built everything in his life on lies and putting on a brave front that isn't who he really is. What is the bluebird then? It's all the toxicity of his trauma – the depression and failure and sadness – but also the person he can be if he really accepts all those problems instead of running away from them. But he is afraid to accept that side of himself. Bouzoukis has built up all these fears and barriers after a lifetime of running away from his problems.Now Bouzoukis has too much to lose to try and face these fears and problems, because his career and his fame and his success depend on squashing his pain and depression, or in other words, the bluebird. To illustrate this problem, he asks: â€Å"l say, stay down, do you want to mess me up? You want to screw up the works? You want to blow my book sales in Europe? † 1 This verse clearly shows how much his fears and denials of his inner voice, the bluebird, is tied to his desire to save the l ife he has worked so hard to build without ever really acknowledging his past, his hurt, and who he truly is.It's worth noticing that he uses the word â€Å"tough† 1 to describe how strong he is against the bluebird. This means he views it as a threat, even though it is not. He is not in total and complete denial of his inner self, however. Just selectively in denial. He calls himself â€Å"clever† 1 and says: â€Å"l only let him out at night sometimes† 1 of the bluebird. In the darkness and loneliness of the night, when nobody is there to see and he can be his true self in private.This fear of showing the â€Å"real you† to someone would likely have been an important concern for someone who realized that his poetry wasn't selling easily when he first started out, likely because publishing is after all a business and publishers want poems that are in keeping with the trends in style, language and themes that would appeal to their customers. We all have t o remember that life is a business and you can't always afford to be your real self. That is why the narrator ells the bluebird that by letting it out, he might ruin his career. Why?Because the narrator – in other words, Bouzoukis – made a lot of money by partially figuring out what poetry editors wanted to read and selling it to them. This all leads to the fear of not expressing who you really are, and conforming to society. The narrator is being the person that other people subconsciously want him to be, and he knows that. His struggle is that he sees no value in this fake persona apart from societal acceptance. When he does eventually let the bluebird out, he does not ever truly accept it in public – only in private. There is also a sense of loneliness. He is isolated from society because he thinks nobody would understand and accept the bluebird. And since the bluebird is his true inner self, he cannot share that with the world because it seems so foreign and strange to them. He has nobody to talk about this with. The imagery is really powerful because of the way the images are arranged one after another and also because the language of the poem is so direct, simple, and straightforward. 1 He Juxtaposes the image of the bluebird trying to break free with al the signs of vice around it -whiskey, cigarettes, etc. This helps the reader subconsciously make an immediate comparison between the innocent, natural bluebird, which is clean and untouched, with all the things that can drown that clean, natural inner self, like alcohol. 1 Through the images, the simple language, and the discussion of his inner self versus the mask he puts on for the world, the narrator is an effective transplant of Bouzoukis himself, who had a lot of unresolved problems concerning his family. His self-exploration in â€Å"Bluebird† is a transgressing poem since it deals with his inner ormolu as he breaks out of a social norm – the norm of pretending to be someone hoys are not.

The Importance Of Self Analysis Education Essay

The chief purpose of this assignment is to discourse the importance of Self analysis and uninterrupted ego development in context to my hereafter as a trough. Self analysis and uninterrupted ego development has been described by different writers as a broad and wide subject which the best manner to understand it is by merely understanding oneself foremost. Self analysis can be described as a procedure that leads to self consciousness. Atwater and Yammarino ( 1992 ) describes self-awareness as the ability of a individual to reflect on the feedback and seek to measure on the consequence given to the person. Besides, Goleman ( 1998 ) further explains that an person who is self-aware has a better understanding about him or herself. He stresses the importance of self-awareness as a major factor to pull offing an organisation. Harmonizing to Goleman ( 1998 ) the function of determination devising is dependent on the director. It is hence of import that a director understands himself and be cognizant of his or her emotions, personality, beliefs, to be able to construct on strengths, work on failings, make good determinations for the success of the administration. Caproni ( 2004 ) besides agree that ego consciousness must be the primary aims of an person. He farther explained that being self cognizant gives an penetration on what, how you want it and how to travel about it. As a trough, it is best to make a cheque list on him or herself before thought of pull offing other people. Baillie ( 2004 ) says holding a good cognition of one ‘s capableness is every bit good as holding the job of self-development half solved. Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell ( 2001 ) specify Self-development as an single development with the topic taking charge of his or her ain acquisition. Harmonizing to Baillie ( 2004 ) , you get to understand who you are, what you should make and how to associate with people. Development is a uninterrupted and an open-ended attempt to interrupt Forth to a new degree of possible ( Boydell and Pedler, 1981 ) . He explains constructing oneself continuously to accomplish success by reacting positively to alter. He besides stated a figure of self-development rules. One of it was that ego development involves the larning about oneself. This is of import because a director ‘s personality is reflected in his or her public presentation this in bend reflects in the administrations public presentation. Therefore larning about me and placing my development demands is a major function of success as a hereafter director in my hereafter. In another position, Mumford ( 1988 ) says the most of impor t thing is who directors are and non what they do. If direction is what people need to make and who they are, it is of great importance to understand what and who a director is? Many research plants have gone into the difference between a director and a leader. Zaleznik ( 2004 ) says a director is different from a leader been that a director is a job convergent thinker trusting on the efficiency of the people to accomplish success. It takes no exceeding feature but instead doggedness, perseverance, criticalness, tolerance and helpfulness. While a leader harmonizing to Mumford and Gold ( 2004 ) influences people to acquire work done and he or she must be enthusiastic about the occupation. However Mintzberg ( 1989 ) explains that a good director must unite interpersonal, informational and be able to do determination for the organisation. It can hence be argued that portion of the interpersonal functions is been a leader as stated by Mintzberg ( 1989 ) . Therefore a director can be seen as person who must posses ‘ leading qualities. Besides a director needs to larn more about him or herself which is through ego analysis and place ways of bettering and ref lecting on it which is a uninterrupted procedure in the organisation which leads to continuous ego development. In my future calling as a hereafter director, I would be Comparing the properties of an ideal director ( Nolan, 2009 ) with the aid of my belbin, johari window and emotional intelligence, I can state that my chief strengths are good communicating accomplishments, squad worker, co-ordinator, good hearer, patient, respectful and warm with people. In order for development, I will wish to better good communicating accomplishments and construct on my assurance in a better manner. Harmonizing to Darling ( 2007 ) , Good communicating across all degree improves public presentation and aid organizational development and Harmonizing to Goldsmith ( 2006 ) assurance is indispensable for both personal life and the concern. He suggested ways of constructing assurance: by prosecuting in more activities and believing in oneself, ne'er compare myself with others, non scared of neglecting and seeking once more, do friends with positive and supportive properties, involve myself in activities i enjoy ma king, give and accept feedback. The best attack to self development is placing the demand for one ( Boydell, 1981 ) . I have identified my failings as non been confident, deficiency of promptness which i am truly working hard on. Surprisingly my promptness has ne'er affected me in my surveies but with friends and assignment I am ever happening it difficult maintaining suitably to clip. For now and my future calling as a good director, and with aid of the provender dorsums i have gotten am working on been better, it will travel a long manner in assisting me undertake them for the intent of development in my organisation.DecisionHarmonizing to different books and diaries used above, it can hence be see and understand that ego development and uninterrupted ego development is an indispensable tool for one ‘s calling as a director in the hereafter. It can merely be achieved by the willingness of the person to execute in the organisation, holding a development program to do him or her non isolated manner from the d esired ends and aims of himself/herself and the companies ‘ end and besides cultivate the wont of contemplations. My aim is to work on my assurance, addition work experience and continuously reexamine myself to heighten development. Self Analysis Toolkit__________________ JOHARI WINDOW _______________________ Summary of critical incident ( usage detailed critical incidents from your faculty activities, residential weekend, past experiences etc ) What happened, or what did I make? At the residential when we were assigned the first undertaking †rope undertaking † , we started off as a squad but subsequently into the undertaking person came up with an thought of lone work forces should draw the rope while the ladies should keep without making anything I had to differ with him and i told him we should non know apart better still lets place everyone ‘s strengths and failings in the game by leting us to take which of us could keep or draw the rope so it would non be a gawky undertaking for us all, surprisingly even some of the work forces voluntarily said they would keep and some of the ladies said they would draw. With that thought, we were able to make the undertaking in a non discriminating mode and we identified our strength and we came out successful at the terminal.How does this reflect the findings of your chosen ego analysis toolkit?Harmonizing to the feedback I got from my facilitator at the residential in my blind topographic point on my johari window, I am seen to be a confident individual in a group undertaking, one voice out when things are been done discriminatively which I know within me that am non that confident but based on what my facilitator saw on that twenty-four hours of the undertaking it was said that I am really confident and one hold strong in my words until my message is passed across. I could non make this before because am known to be diffident but when person makes the undertaking a gender matter so i would ever hold to travel against it non for personal grounds but in order to place failings and strengths of every person and so from there we would be able to work in conformity. Besides in my johari window, the unfastened topographic point says a batch about me and I wholly agree with that and it was seen when we were working in squads. I was patient to a group member ‘s sentiment even when others were eager to acquire the undertaking done without listening to her sentiment. I listened to her thought which finally became the best solution to the job for the undertaking and in merely 19seconds we completed the undertaking and we came out successful. Looking at my emotional intelligence, my societal accomplishments subdivision, am known to be a good hearer and communicate openly with my squad members.What are the deductions for future calling or personal developmentIn my future calling as a director or as a leader, I would take advantage of my unfastened topographic point which is to be patient, a good hearer, been cheerful and many more as seen in my johari window to take my squad into a success. non burying my blind topographic point as to been a confi dent individual, I would every bit good work on been a better director or leader with confident of thoughts that I have and been able to openly voice it out. I would be patient in listening to others sentiment which ever gives a sense of belonging when it is a squad work even if we might non be able to practicalize what the thoughts are due to clip constrain be but at least his/her voice is hear but when clip is on our side all thoughts given would be actualize because we might merely be disregarding the best thought of a member that has solution to the job as seen above when person ‘s thought that was ignored became the solution to the undertaking at manus. Self Analysis Toolkit__________________ BELBIN ________________________ Summary of critical incident ( usage detailed critical incidents from your faculty activities, residential weekend, past experiences etc ) What happened, or what did I make? At the residential, when we were given the level battalion undertaking, everyone was so eager to get down the undertaking, a batch of thoughts were passed across but for me, I was confused. I had tonss of boards to construct into something but had no thoughts of what to do out of it, we had really limited clip but yet I sat down believing even if I am non a fast mind. It was deserving seeking because at that clip was when I spotted the image of the reinforced board on my facilitator ‘s manus. The image was handed to us and we started working more even as a squad.How does this reflect the findings of your chosen ego analysis toolkit?As seen in my belbin, my preferable functions are team-worker and co-ordinator ; this was clearly seen in the assorted undertakings we had to make at the residential. I might non be every bit confident as expected but in the undertaking we had to make after descrying the image we shared Ideas and with in19seconds of the 2nd unit of ammunition of patt ern we completed the undertaking. I am a individual that likes to be carried along for a better apprehension of what I am expected to make and besides as seen in my belbin I take my clip to listen to thoughts and I implement on it. The feedback I got from my facilitator was that am dying to make my undertaking when thoughts are brought up, am a good hearer and I ever want to understand the thought about the undertaking to be done. Last, she said my failing was that am non strategic and spoting which reflected on my public presentation in the 1st undertaking we had. If I was to make the undertaking once more, I would hold repeated all thoughts because it brought us success. Personally, I would develop my believing accomplishments to enable me hold the ability to animate others and be more confident of my thoughts. I would be less dying which could do me worry unduly in my undertaking.What are the deductions for future calling or personal developmentNolan ( 2009 ) says that an ‘ideal director is undertaking oriented, possess good communicating accomplishments, has general cognition, has wisdom and the ability to larn, takes duty, enjoys good relationships with others, good at being client focused and at teamwork, manages clip and emphasis makes determination, place analyse and work out jobs, motivates and influence others, delegates, sets ends, manages struggle. In my future calling as a director, I would set my preferable functions to pattern, be able to transport my squad along and holding a end to accomplish by clear uping the ends. I would be confident in myself and convey my squad together to advance squad spirit, engage in treatments that would give good consequences. Due to the feedback I got from my facilitator and my group members, I would work on my failings and better in them. I would ever listen to thoughts, be more strategic as a director which would do me animate my squad members. Self Analysis Toolkit__________ EMOTIONAL INTELIGENCE __________________ Summary of critical incident ( usage detailed critical incidents from your faculty activities, residential weekend, past experiences etc ) What happened, or what did I make? This incident is based on my past experience in my faculty activity ( concern Game ) . As a group we had to do single presentation and when my bend came because I was non confident of myself I was scared of doing the presentation, i wanted to endorse out but my squad members believed in me and because of the encouraging words of my squad members and friends i went in front and one the twenty-four hours of the presentation, I gave my best and to my surprise even the faculty coach commended on the presentation.How does this reflect the findings of your chosen ego analysis toolkit?As described in my emotional intelligence, it best describes my personality of ego consciousness as holding a great ego regard and been emotional aware of my emotions and their effects. At the residential, when we had the competition of the grid lock undertaking and my squad was the last to complete, at a point in the competition I was non happy and wanted to merely go forth or merely burst into cryings at the rate of the failure in front but been cognizant of my emotions, I decided to positive and stayed on boulder clay we finished. Besides my belbin was a clear indicant of what my least preferable function was ‘a complete closer ‘ . In the undertaking I clearly saw that attributes in me. I wanted to merely go forth and bury that we of all time did that peculiar undertaking, I was besides dying because we lacked behind and while other where making or had reached the finished clip, we were non half manner to the terminal but above all we stood together and worked closer as a squad. We co-operated and the undertaking was completed.What are the deductions for future calling or personal developmentFor my future calling, I would wish to develop the ability of pursing my ends despite the obstructions, ne'er compare myself with anybody and ever be myself and at all times be ‘CONFIDENT ‘ of myself. I have a good squad spirit but non a complete closer which was clearly exhibited when we had the competition undertaking at the residential. I would non let my personal emotions to over control me whic h about do me lost my squad spirit in the competition. A definition of emotional intelligence by Goleman ( 1998, p.317 ) as†¦ the capableness for forming our feelings and those of others, for actuating ourselves, and for pull offing emotions good in ourselves and in our relationship. With the above by Golemans ‘ definition, I would acknowledge my emotions and the effects, but ne'er let it over function me even when sometimes I might merely non be able to manage it any more but I will ever be positive and have a thrust for first-class work besides seting the feelings of others into consideration. Undertaking 3 Strength Harmonizing to my three toolkits, Is have been able to analyze my strengths and failings. The analyses reveals that my chief strengths are that, am a Good hearer, Responsible, Friendly, A squad worker, Co-ordinator, Good ego regard, Team edifice and Service Oriented. I besides have the ability to suit into a squad and besides one shy off from coercing inquiry because it makes me nervous. I have a pleasant and suiting attitude. I get on good with my co-workers which make me a friendly individual. I have involvements in pulling parts out from others and listening to the thoughts as seen in my johari window toolkit. To my surprise, my belbin and johari toolkit explicate how confident I am which I would state I was ne'er confident in anything one do but with the aid of my residential, the affection of the environment I found myself in the past 4months, seminars and presentations i have to construct my confident bit by bit to a certain degree in my life now which is why, Megginson and Whitaker ( 2007 ) suggest that rehearsing uninterrupted brooding reappraisal helps to help my acquisition and development procedure. Failing My failings in my toolkits show that, I am non a complete closer, non strategic and spoting, non serious minded, worry unduly and most times i appear indecisive. Haven know all what my failings are, one would work harder in doing my failings go my strengths and be confident when I want to do determinations in my twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Judging myself, I would state that now i have merely grown that assurance to a certain degree even when my belbin analysis reveals that am a confident individual. Looking back at the clip I foremost arrived at Northumbria university, i ne'er thought of myself giving presentations, voicing my sentiment in my seminar groups because back in Nigeria when I come from, it ‘s a wholly different manner of larning and we could non even question the determinations of our talks as it is seen as been rude or the individual knows excessively much. So hence, deficiency of assurance was one of my chief failings and am happy bit by bit am ge t the better ofing it due to feedbacks one got from my facilitators, and presentation in seminars. Goldsmith ( 2006 ) believes that, assurance is really of import for one ‘s use and organisational usage as good. He farther identified ways of constructing ego assurance which I decided to indulge myself in and they include ; more activities with my co-workers, believe in myself, take duty for my ain determinations. I have decided non to compare myself with other, believe and move positively, give room for feedbacks. Boy dingle ( 1981 ) explains that, self development and ego analysis is a really good manner of understanding oneself and besides, the cognition would be helpful to the person in the procedure. IT ‘S IMPLICATION FOR MY FUTURE CAREER DEVELOPMENT In my future calling, i need to work harder in my failings, in order for me non to hold a reverse in my occupation. As a consequence of this, it would take me to taking up a leading function non merely been a squad worker. I besides aspire to be really confident in my determination devising, be punctual and be opened to new thoughts, be a good hearer and strive to be a complete closer in my responsibilities.

Sexual Harassment Within The Workplace Essay - 4574 Words

SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WORKPLACE Lesa GlennTracy ABSTRACT This research is about sexual harassment in workplaces. Sexual harassment has been seen all over the world, and it is more directed to women and also some men have reported the issues although not that much. The research was done due to the vast number of people complaining of harassment in their workplace and wanted to prove if it’s true. Harassment in workplaces is not only directed to job advances but also as a way to bully other employees, and this makes work productivity in any company. The essential of this research is to show that harassment is either real or is just a way of escaping one s obligation in a corporation. The article will also have relevant materials like surveys showing, if it’s real, harassment in companies. It also shows how this act can be reduced and eliminated in all workplaces and make the environment stress free for our lady partners in offices. The primary significance of the research is to help those who have undergone the issue recover and get justice and also warning those in companies with the idea and respect everyone. TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Purpose 1.3 Scope 2.0 Review of the Literature 2.1 Research Statement 2.2 Literature Review 3.0 Methodology 3.1 Primary Survey Methodology 3.1.1 General Research Design 3.1.2 Synopsis (instruments participants) 3.1.3 Survey Participants 3.1.4 Survey Instruments 3.1.4.1 WrittenShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment Within The Workplace949 Words   |  4 PagesSexual harassment (SH) in the workplace, as defined by the Ontario Human Rights Commission, is a form of discrimination based on sex. SH can be subjective, in the sense that it can range from anything as severe to asking for sex in exchange for something to gloating about sexual capabilities. While both women and men can be victims, trends indicate that women are greater times the recipient. 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